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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 5
| Issue : 2 | Page : 167-172 |
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Significance of extreme leukocytosis in evaluation of febrile children aged 3-36 months: A single center experience
Sadek H Ghani1, Rabab H Baaker2, Nabeeha N Akram1
1 Department of Neonatology, Childs Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Department of pediatrics, Almustansiriya University College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
| Date of Submission | 09-Oct-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 08-Nov-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 11-Jan-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Sadek H Ghani
Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad
Iraq
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2072-8069.198121
Background: Emergency department evaluation of young febrile children often includes measurement of white blood cell (WBC) count. Although a high WBC count is associated with an increased likelihood of infection, the clinical significance of extreme leukocytosis (EL) (a WBC count of ≥25,000/mm 3 ), has not been well studied.
Objective: The aim of this study is to study the correlation between the level of WBC and the cause of fever in febrile children and to assess if WBC level helpful in predicting the seriousness of febrile illness.
Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional case series study conducted over 5 months from August 01 to December 31, 2015, in the emergency department at child central teaching hospital in Baghdad city in Iraq. The study was evaluating children aged 3-36 months admitted to the emergency department for fever. WBC count was done either manually or a complete blood count by automated hematologic analyzer.
Results: Of those 129 febrile children were enrolled in this study, 42 patients with EL were identified and compared with 87 patients with moderate leukocytosis (ML). Pneumonia was the only diagnosis found to be significantly higher in EL group 17 cases (40.5%) versus 15 cases (17.2%) in ML group with P value (0.004). Meningitis was higher in patient with ML with P value (0.03). Finally, EL was associated with higher rates of admission to hospital (P < 0.036).
Conclusions: The presence of EL indicates a higher risk of having pneumonia. The degree of leukocytosis (extreme or moderate) does not affect the rates of serious bacterial infection. Keywords: Children, leukocytosis, significance
How to cite this article:
Ghani SH, Baaker RH, Akram NN. Significance of extreme leukocytosis in evaluation of febrile children aged 3-36 months: A single center experience. Iraqi J Hematol 2016;5:167-72 |
How to cite this URL:
Ghani SH, Baaker RH, Akram NN. Significance of extreme leukocytosis in evaluation of febrile children aged 3-36 months: A single center experience. Iraqi J Hematol [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Mar 22];5:167-72. Available from: https://www.ijhonline.org/text.asp?2016/5/2/167/198121 |
Acute febrile illness in an infant or a young child is a common clinical scenario that can be a diagnostic challenge. The evaluation is guided by the history and physical examination, along with judiciously selected screening tests. The overwhelming majority of nontoxic, but febrile infants and young children have a viral infection. The physician's primary task is to identify the infant or child who is at risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI). [1] The occurrence of fever is one of the most common reasons for children seeking medical attention, both in the community and in the pediatric emergency unit. [2] Fever is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point. [3] There is no single agreement on the upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between 37.5 and 38.3°C (99.5 and 100.9°F). [4] Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point:
- Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5-38.3°C (99.5-100.9°F) [4]
- Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7°C (99.9°F) [5]
- Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear is at or over 37.2°C (99.0°F). [6]
A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from simple to potentially serious one. This includes viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections such as the common cold, urinary tract infection (UTI), and meningitis among others. Noninfectious causes include vasculitis, side effects of medication, and cancer among others. [3] Viral infection is the cause of fever in most infants and young children. Clinical appearance rather than the height of fever is a more powerful predictor of serious illness. [7],[8] Differentiating young children with SBI from those with self-limited viral illnesses has been quite difficult, [9] SBI include meningitis, sepsis, bone and joint infections, UTIs, pneumonia, enteritis. [10]
Approximately, 10% of well-appearing young infants with a temperature higher than 38°C (100.4°F) harbor a serious bacterial infection or meningitis. [11],[12],[13] In contrast, fewer than 2% of well-appearing older infants and young children with a temperature higher than 39°C (102.2°F) manifest bacteremia, with widespread immunization against Haemophilus influenzae infection, Streptococcus pneumoniae has become the predominant cause of SBI in infants and young children. Streptococcal bacteremia affects fewer than 2% of well-appearing older infants and young children with a temperature above 39°C. [14] Most children in this age group clear streptococcal bacteremia without antibiotic therapy. [1]
Approximately, 10% of infants and young children with fever and S. pneumoniae bacteremia progress to an SBI, and from 3% to 6% progress to meningitis (i.e., approximately one case per 1000-2500 of these febrile children. [15],[16] Approximately, 30% of febrile children 3 months to 3 years of age have no localizing signs of infection. Risk factors indicating increased probability of occult bacteremia include temperature >39°C, white blood cell (WBC) count >15,000/mm 3 , or an elevated absolute neutrophil count, band count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or C-reactive protein. The incidence of bacteremia among infants 3-36 months of age increases as the temperature and WBC count increase. Socioeconomic status, race, gender, and age (within the range of 3-36 months) do not appear to affect the risk for occult bacteremia. [17]
Leukocytosis is increase in the number of circulating WBCs above the normal range. Leukocytosis is defined as WBCs count >11,000 per mm 3 , is frequently found in the course of routine laboratory testing. [18] Reference ranges for leukocyte counts in children and adults are shown in [Table 1]. [19]
Types of leukocytosis: There are five principal types of leukocytosis. [20]
- Neutrophilia
- Lymphocytosis
- Monocytosis
- Eosinophilia
- Basophilia.
Extreme leukocytosis
It is defined as a peripheral WBC count ≥25,000/mm 3 . A higher WBC count has been associated with an increased likelihood of infection in studies that have focused on well-appearing children at risk for occult bacteremia. [21]
The leukemoid reaction is an extremely high white cell count resembling leukemia. Previous authors have used the terms "leukemoid reaction" and "extreme granulocytic leukocytosis," variously implying a leukocytosis in excess of 25-50 × 10 9 /L in the absence of known hematological disease. [22]
Patients with extreme leukocytosis (EL) have an increased risk of bacteremia, the risk of bacteremia increases from 0.5% for WBC counts <15,000 per mm 3 (15 × 10 9 /L) to >18% for WBC counts over 30,000 per mm 3 (30 × 10 9 /L). [23]
In moderate and EL, the majority of cells are neutrophils. [24],[25] Neutrophilia may be caused by increased release from marrow stores, increased production, extended survival or demargination within the blood vessels. It is considered a nonspecific measure of inflammation, being associated with bacterial and fungal infection and with almost any medical condition that causes stress. Some medications including steroids, beta agonists, and lithium may elevate the neutrophil count. [26] Neutrophilia alone or with an increased band count had variable sensitivity and specificity in numerous studies as a possible predictor of bacteremia in young children with fever; there is a significantly positive correlation between the frequency of blood cultures positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae  the WBC and absolute neutrophil counts. [23]
The aims of this study were to study the correlation between the level of WBC and the etiology of fever in febrile child and to assess if WBC level helpful in predicting the seriousness of febrile illness.
| Patients and Methods | |  |
A cross-sectional case series study conducted over 5 months from August 01 to December 31, 2015, in the emergency department at child central teaching hospital in Baghdad city in Iraq. One hundred and twenty-nine febrile children (axillary temperature 38°C or more) aged 3-36 months admitted to the emergency department were included in the study regardless of the associated signs and symptoms. Children with a known underlying chronic illness (e.g., malignancy, sickle cell anemia, immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, asthma) were excluded from the study also children who recently received a drug known to cause leukocytosis (e.g., steroid) also were excluded.
Detailed history and complete physical examination was done for all children enrolled in the study to find out the cause of fever. Temperature was taken by electronic thermometer in the axilla. All patients were sent for WBC count either manual or complete blood count (CBC) by automated hematologic analyzer (RUBY ® ).
According to WBC count results, patients were divided into two groups: 42 patients who found to have WBC count ≥25.000/mm 3 defined as EL, whereas 87 patients who have had WBC count 15.000-24.999/mm 3 considered as moderate leukocytosis (ML).
Chest X-ray (CXR), blood culture and sensitivity (C/S), general urine examination was obtained in all patients, whereas urine C/S were done by bladder catheterization only in those who found to have ≥5WBC in urinalysis and lumber puncture was done for those who was suspected to have central nervous system infection based on history and/or clinical examination. The final diagnosis and treatment plan with the need for admission was recorded for all patients.
Patients considered having SBI if the child found to have one of the following (meningitis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, UTIs, pneumonia, and cellulitis). Hence, in this study, Proven SBI was defined as the presence of positive culture (blood, cerebral spinal fluid [CSF], urine) obtained from the patients at emergency department diagnosed as cases of (bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, UTI), respectively.
We created the category of probable SBI to include those infections that were probably bacterial in origin and treated as such although not proven by culture. This category included pneumonia (considered bacterial in origin when CXR shows alveolar infiltrations particularly lobar consolidation identified by pediatric radiologist and CBC shows neutrophilia), cellulitis (diagnosed clinically by the presence of redness, tenderness, swelling), osteomyelitis (diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging), meningitis with negative CSF culture (neutrophilic pleocytosis and low glucose level in CSF analysis).
Statistical analysis
Each patient assigned a serial identification number. The data were reviewed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical data represented by frequency and percentages. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the categorical data. The Shapiro-Walk test was used to test data distribution. The continuous variables were presented as mean, standard deviation, median, and range accordingly.
| Results | | |
A total of 129 children aged 3-36 months with fever and leukocytosis (WBC >14,999 mm 3 ) were identified, 42 patients with EL were compared to 87 patients with ML. The mean body temperature of the patients at the time of admission to the emergency department was (38.9 ± 0.6) in EL versus (38.7 ± 0.7) in ML P value (0.1); it was not significantly different in the two groups as shown in [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Comparison of the degree of temperatures at time of admission between patients with extreme and moderate leukocytosis
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The mean age and standard deviation for case group were (13.07 ± 10.55), whereas it was (12.11 ± 8.55) for control group. Male percentage in EL group was (59.5%) versus (54%) in ML group, whereas female percentage in EL was (40.5%) versus (46%) in ML group. The male to female ratio was 1:1.47 in EL group and 1:1.17 in ML group. The distribution of the patients according to their age and gender in this study were statistically not significant between patient with EL and those with ML with P values (>0.5) for both as shown in [Table 2].
CXR was positive for pneumonia in 17 (40.5%) in EL group VS 15 (17.2%) in ML group so it was statistically significant in EL with (P = 0.004). In addition, Blood C/S was positive in 6 (15.4%) in EL group versus 9 (10.5%) in ML group found to be statistically not significant with (P = 0.4) as shown in [Table 3]. | Table 3: Laboratory test performed in patient with extreme leukocytosis and moderate leukocytosis groups
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Urine culture done in 113 patients (39 in EL and 74 in ML), urine C/S were positive in 5 (12.8%) in EL versus 15 (20.3%) in ML so was not significant with (P = 0.3) as noted in [Table 3].
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and culture obtained in 83 patients (26 in EL vs. 57 in ML). It was positive in 8 (30.8%) in EL vs. 33 (57.9%) in ML which was significant in ML group with (P = 0.022). There was no difference between both groups in frequency with which these studies were performed as shown in [Table 3]. Pneumonia was the only diagnosis found to be significantly higher in EL group 17 cases (40.5%) versus 15 cases (17.2%) in ML group with P value (0.004). Meningitis was more common in ML 33 (37.9%) than EL 8 (19%) with P value of (0.03). No significant difference was found among both groups in regard to frequencies of other diagnoses (P value for all >0.05) as noted in [Table 4]. | Table 4: Number and percentage of cases, according to leukocytosis and final diagnosis
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In this study, SBI (proven and probable) found in 36 (85.7%) in EL group versus 68 (87.1%) in ML group with (P = 0.3), the most common SBI in the EL patient was pneumonia (47.2%) as shown in [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Comparison of percentage of different types of serious bacterial infection in patients with extreme versus moderate leukocytosis (P = 0.306 [significant at 0.05 level])
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Hospitalization was significantly greater in EL than patients with ML 83.3% versus 65.5% with (P = 0.036) as shown in [Table 5]. | Table 5: Admission rates among patients with extreme and moderate leukocytosis
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From 129 cases included in this study, only one case died during hospitalization in EL group and no death was recorded in patients with ML.
| Discussion | | |
In evaluating febrile children aged 3-36 months many physicians use WBC counts for screening febrile children to check for underlying bacterial infection. An increased WBC count in a well-appearing febrile child between 3 and 36 months of age is associated with an increased risk of occult bacteremia. [27]
In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between patients with EL and those with ML regarding degree of fever and gender with P value (0.1) and (0.5), respectively, this result was similar to study by Shah et al. [21] The current study shows that there are no differences in the frequency of diagnoses between a patient with moderate or EL groups with exception of pneumonia and meningitis. Pneumonia was significantly higher in EL17 (40.5%) versus 15 (17.2%) in ML group with P value (0.004). Meningitis was higher in ML 33 (37.9%) than those with EL 8 (19%) with P value (0.03), while Shah et al. [21] found that all diagnoses were not significantly different between EL and ML groups finding could be explain by short study time in the current study while Shah et al. study performed over 3 years although both studies carried out at similar settings (emergency department of an urban tertiary hospital).
Pneumonia was the most prevalent diagnosis in patient with EL (40.5%) this is similar to result found by Bachur et al. [28] and Lawrence et al. [22] with percentages (28% and 30%), respectively. While Shah et al. found that pneumonia account for only (13%) of patient with EL. This finding suggests that child 3-36 m with fever and with EL should be evaluated thoroughly and CXR should be considered to exclude pneumonia similar recommendation made by Bachur et al. and also to that given by the UK's national institute for health and clinical on fever in children ≤5 years. [29] In our study, Otitis media found in only (4.8%) of patient with EL while Shah et al. found that otitis media was the most common diagnosis in patient with EL (40.7%), this could be attributed to the fact that cases of otitis media in our hospital usually not admitted to emergency department (the place where our study conducted) unless patient had complication and/or unable to take oral treatment.
The risk of bacteremia in febrile children increase as WBC count increase, [1] Lee and Harper found that the risk of bacteremia increases from (0.5%) for WBC <15,000 mm 3 to greater than (18%) for WBC more than 30,000/mm 3 . [23] In our study, (15.4%) of a patient with EL had bacteremia, however, the risk of bacteremia was not statistically significant from those with ML which is similar to that found by Shah et al.
In our study, the overall rate of SBI in patient with EL was (85.7%) This percentage is much higher than results found by Brauner et al. (39%) [30] and Mazur et al. (18%), [31] Shah et al. (25%) for proven SBI and (52%) for combined proven and probable SBI, Danino et al. [32] (39%). This could be explained by a probable over diagnosis of SBI in our study as a result of lack of some confirmatory tests like lack of colony count in urine culture results in considering any case with the growth of any pathogenic bacteria in urine culture as UTI and treated as such.
The risk of SBI in EL group was not significantly higher than that in a patient with ML (P = 0.309), a result similar to that found by Shah et al. but different to what found by Brauner et al. and Mazur et al.
Mazur et al. found that the risk of proven SBI was higher in children with EL compared with those with ML. The incidence of proven SBI from the Mazur et al. study was even higher with a WBC count of ≥35,000/mm 3 as the cutoff value. Shah et al. found that the overall rate of proven SBI was comparable with that found by Mazur et al. but the incidence of proven and combined proven or probable SBI in children with EL, did not differ from the incidence in children with ML. The rates of proven SBI were similar between EL (25%) and ML (17%) patients. Differences in the combined rates of proven or probable SBI between the EL (52%) and ML (35%) patients were not statistically significant. The most common SBI in patient with EL in our study was pneumonia which agrees with what found by Danino et al. and Shah et al. The need for hospital admission was significantly higher in patient with EL (83.3%) similar to that found by Shah et al. and to Lawrence et al. (49%, 100%) respectively.
| Conclusions | | |
In febrile children aged 3-36 months, the presence of EL indicates a higher risk of having pneumonia. Otherwise, it is not helpful alone in finding out the cause of fever. The degree of leukocytosis (extreme or moderate) does not affect the rates of SBI. EL is good indicator for need for hospital admission rather than outpatient management.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
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