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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 1 | Page : 1-5 |
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The effect of gamma ray on total leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils on blood samples of smokers compared to non-smoker donors
Baydaa Taher Sih1, Alauldeen Mudhafar Zubair Alqasim2, Awras Hameed Ajil1
1 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| Date of Submission | 31-Jan-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 18-Mar-2017 |
| Date of Web Publication | 2-May-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Alauldeen Mudhafar Zubair Alqasim
Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad
Iraq
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijh.ijh_1_17
Background: The immune system depends on white blood cells (WBCs) to fight infections in the human body. Smoking tobacco causes the increasing of WBCs comparing with nonsmokers due to virus infection and bronchitis. Exposing blood samples of smokers and non-smokers donors to gamma-ray (γ-ray) will affect the structure of the WBCs then as a result will cause the declination in the values of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the smokers' blood is greater than of nonsmokers and this confirms that these cells are more fragile, weak, and less tolerant to external stimuli.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare the effects of increasing doses of γ-ray on total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte count between smokers and non-smokers.
Materials and Methods: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were collected from healthy donors: Ten smokers and ten nonsmokers. Samples of both groups were exposed to incremental doses of γ-ray (5–40 Gy). Total and differential leukocyte count for each sample was performed by autoanalyzer.
Results: Smokers had higher average total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts than nonsmokers before exposure to radiation. However, they showed more decline than nonsmokers after exposure to increasing doses of γ-ray.
Conclusions: By increases the doses of γ-ray, the declining in the values of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the smokers blood is greater than of nonsmokers and this confirms that these cells are more fragile, weak, and less tolerant to external stimuli. Keywords: Blood, gamma-ray, smokers, white blood cell
How to cite this article:
Sih BT, Alqasim AM, Ajil AH. The effect of gamma ray on total leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils on blood samples of smokers compared to non-smoker donors. Iraqi J Hematol 2017;6:1-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Sih BT, Alqasim AM, Ajil AH. The effect of gamma ray on total leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils on blood samples of smokers compared to non-smoker donors. Iraqi J Hematol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 9];6:1-5. Available from: https://www.ijhonline.org/text.asp?2017/6/1/1/205456 |
| Introduction | |  |
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes, are an important part of the immune system. These cells help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs that invade the body. WBCs originate in the bone marrow but circulate throughout the bloodstream. There are five major types of WBCs: Neutrophils, lymphocyte, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils.[1]
Total and differential WBC count is a part of complete blood count. Blood contains a percentage of each type of WBC. Sometimes, however, WBC count can increase or decrease out of the healthy range.[2]
The WBC count has been associated with coronary heart disease,[3],[4] respiratory function, symptoms, and cancer. The mechanisms underlying these associations have been proposed.[5],[6] The total leukocyte count and counts of specific-cell subtypes are plausible biomarkers of active a thermogenesis and other oxidative damage at the tissue level.[7],[8]
The WBC count may also be a marker of exposure to toxic substances. A relation between smoking and WBC count has been long established; smokers have higher WBC counts than nonsmokers, and the extent of the increase rises with the number of cigarettes smoked. The strength of the association has led to the suggestion that the WBC count provides a better indicator of cigarette smoking than the self-reported number of cigarettes. However, smoking explains only part of the association between WBC count and myocardial infarction.[9],[10],[11]
Gamma-ray
Denoted by the lower-case Greek letter gamma-ray (γ-ray[\displaystyle\gamma]) is penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei and therefore consists of high-energy photons. γ-rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous. Typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz (or >1019 Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 KeV and wavelengths <10 pm (/1011m), which is less than the diameter of an atom. The measure of the ionizing effect of γ-rays is called the exposure and the gray (Gy), which has units of joules per kilogram, is the International System of Units of absorbed dose, and is the amount of radiation required to deposit 1 J of energy in 1 kg of any kind of matter.[12]
γ-rays cause damage at a cellular level and are penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body. Low levels of γ-rays cause a stochastic health risk, which for radiation dose assessment is defined as the probability of cancer induction and genetic damage.[13] High doses produce deterministic effects, which is the severity of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen.[14]
| Materials and Methods | | |
This is a case–control study. It was conducted at Al-Amal Hospital for Cancer in Baghdad, Iraq from September 1 to October 31, 2016.
This study was approved by the Ethical Committees of both Department of Pathology at Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Medicine, and Department of Physics at Faculty of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. This is in conformation to the Declaration of Helsinki. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants.
- Whole blood have been collected (18 ml) either by extracted from a vein in the arm using syringe size (20). In both cases, the donors were (men) their age between 20 and 55 years (ten smokers with average smoking time 8 years and ten nonsmokers)
- Blood samples divided into nine parts (2) ml for each part. Samples have been put in the laboratory tubes containing the anti-clotting
- Blood samples have been irradiated by (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40) Gy of γ-ray. For γ-rays using (Cobalt 60 60 Co, Model: virus Serial No. R97009/made in France. This source exists in a Radiotherapy Department/Al-Amal National Hospital for Cancer Management) (γ-ray) doses depend on the time of exposure to irradiating first sample by (5) Gy, it was needed 15.37 min
- The method of measuring WBCs, lymphocytes and neutrophils number, are using analyzer, as follow: blood samples were shaken for 15 min, in analyzer shaker, then by press on start an automatically metallic needle will step down inside the tube and draw out about 2 μml from a blood sample, after a few seconds, all blood data will appear on analyzer screen.
The hematology analyzer used in this project is a model: Diagon D-cell 5D, Serial No. 171021655D, made in Hungary: 2011.
| Results | | |
Effect of gamma-ray on white blood cell
In this research, it was observed that number of WBC values in almost of smokers were higher from its values in nonsmokers donors, and γ-ray observed to be more effective on smokers blood than nonsmokers as shown in [Table 1] and plotted in in [Figure 1]. | Table 1: Effect of gamma-ray on white blood cells (×109/L) for smokers and non-smokers donors and their reduction values from the control
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 | Figure 1: Effect of gamma-ray on white blood cell of smokers and non-smokers donors
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The results clarify that the average values of WBCs in control of smokers blood samples are higher than in control samples for nonsmokers, and when the whole blood samples exposed to doses of γ-rays, it was observed that WBCs in smokers samples decreased more than nonsmoking blood samples as shown in [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: The difference between the reduction in white blood cells in smokers and non-smokers donors
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Effect of gamma-ray on lymphocytes
Comparison the effect of γ-ray on the lymphocytes in the blood between smokers and non-smokers donors was shown in [Table 2] and plotted in [Figure 3]. | Table 2: Effect of gamma-ray on lymphocytes (×109/L) for smokers and non-smokers donors and their reduction values from the control
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 | Figure 3: Effect of gamma-ray on lymphocytes ×109/L of smokers and non-smokers donors
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The reduction values of lymphocytes from the control (0) Gy with effect of γ-ray in smokers and non-smokers blood of donors were plotted in [Figure 4]. | Figure 4: The difference between the reduction in lymphocytes in smokers and non-smokers donors
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Effect of gamma-ray on neutrophils
Comparison the effect of γ-ray on the neutrophil in the blood between smokers and non-smokers donors was shown in [Table 3] and plotted in [Figure 5]. | Table 3: Effect of gamma ray on neutrophils (×109/L) for smokers and non-smokers donors and their reduction values from the control
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 | Figure 5: Effect of gamma-ray on lymphocytes ×109/L of smokers and non-smokers donors
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[Figure 6] shows the effect of different doses of γ-ray on neutrophil count. | Figure 6: The difference between the reduction in neutrophils in smokers and non-smokers donors
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| Discussion | | |
In this study, the average values of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in control of smokers blood samples are higher than for nonsmokers, and when the whole blood samples exposed to the doses of γ-ray, then it observed that all values of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils of blood samples for smokers will decreasing rapidly more than of nonsmokers.
Smoking tobacco promotes leukocyte transit from bone marrow to the small pulmonary vessels and this effecting on alveolar walls favors the development of pulmonary emphysema.[15] High lymphocyte caused by inflammatory bronchial pneumonia resulting from smoking tobacco.
Radioactive forcing on the cells of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils will arising because of the direct effect of γ-ray on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that kills the cells, where direct effect of ionizing radiation happens when photons or secondary electron energy ionizing (directly affect) the biologic macromolecule such as a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid.[16] DNA is the important molecule, in the nucleus of the cell, and it controls the genetic information, function of the cell, and its replication. When radiation interacts with DNA molecule, the chromosomes are not replicated properly and the cell will be destroyed by direct interference with its life-sustaining system, thus the radiation caused single-stand break and double-stand break in DNA.[17],[18] Ionizing radiation-generated reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative damage to the cell membrane and its consequent role in the mechanism of apoptotic cell death have been receiving growing attention in cellular radiobiology.
Through the presented results, it has been noted that the effect of γ-ray on the cigarettes smokers and non-smokers bloods, seems to be similar with low doses of 5 Gy. But by increases doses of 15 Gy, the declining in the values of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the smoker's blood is greater than of nonsmokers, and this confirms that these cells are more fragile, weak, and less tolerant to external stimuli.
| Conclusions | | |
The high-average values of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in control blood samples of cigarettes smokers (average smoking duration 8 years) more than the nonsmokers. This may be attributed to chronic bronchitis because of smoking.
The decreasing in WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils values with 5 Gy of γ-ray seems to have a similar effect in smokers and non-smokers blood samples.
The decline in WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils values as a result of the effect of γ-ray doses (more than 5 Gy) in blood samples for smokers than that of nonsmokers is attributed to weak cellular structure in each of the cell wall DNA for WBCs cells.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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